Thursday, 29 December 2011

CMRS - 5


CMR Story. - A.D. 1786.         CMRS - 5        Sunday Issue – Dt. 11th Dec. 2011

                                       Nana’s muse.
11 year old Nana was reading from one among numerous copper plate inscriptions that were scattered all over the floor of the ‘Thousand Pillar Mandapam’ of the temple.

                                       The Sultanate of Madurai
It was under Thughlaks that Madurai came to be finally conquered by the Muslims and the pandya country became one among the many provinces of the Delhi Empire.

With the aim of systematic subjugation of the Hindu kingdoms of the south one after another, Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Thughlak sent his son and heir Ulugh Khan [ who later became Mohammad bin Thughlak]  to the south in 1321 AD.

In the course of his campaigns Ma’bar was conquered in 1323 AD. –
The ruling king Jatavarman Parakraman was taken as prisoner to Delhi. - In the conquered provinces, the Delhi Sultan set up Muslim governors.
They were called Naib-Vazirs, assisted by a staff of quasi-military officials.

The capitals of provinces were in charge of ‘Koththavals’.[Kotval]..
For next 38 years Madurai was under the rule of six sultans, each one getting killed or driven out by the civilians rebelling against misrule.

These epigraphs were among a variety of items brought out and kept there for inventory. They had to properly listed and given numbers to make records. - Soon, many of them will be taken away for safe custody with a selected few moving away from Madurai.

People at work were busy in segregation and grouping and paid no attention to the boy.

Perhaps they knew that Nana was the son of Rayasam Srinivasa iyer or because those items were not among the confidential list of inventories being removed and packed.

Nana’s eyes scanned over the floor as he was curious to learn about the present crisis. Here was an opportunity to know some thing of the past, before they disappeared.

During the period of Muslim invasions of the region about 1327 A.D. the images of God Ranganatha and his consorts were secretly carried away from Srirangam, by the priests to Thirupathi  by way of Jyotiskudi, Thirumalirujnolai, Kollikkudi and Punganur.   

Nana resorted to random selections and quick reading.

By about 1336 A.D. the Vijayanagara Empire had been founded and its rulers began a steady contest against the Muslims in the Deccan and the south.

Kumara Kambanar, the son of Bukka 1, the second ruler of Vijayanagara dynasty conquered Rajagambira Rajyam, the country of Sambuvarayar in about 1362 A.D.

A few years later Kambanar marched south, restored and reconsecrated God Ranganathar in the temple of Srirangam. Then he marched against Madurai.

He defeated and killed the Sultan and freed Ma’bar from Muslim occupation.

The temple bell started ringing and announced commencement of “Uchchi kala puja “.
Nana’s attention now fell on a longer inscription in a larger copper plate.
It was lunch time and people started going out but Nana stayed back to read it.

It was a Tamil Chronicle, recording how the temples in Madurai suffered damage.
It started with a title…
“ The Madurai Temple during Muslim Rule.”
In the month of Ani of S.1245 (1323 A.D.) the Padshah vassal manthri Adi Sultan and Mulukka Nemiyar came from Delhi with 60000 horses, destroyed the siva and Vishnu temples and tanks, plundered temple treasuries ( sribhandaram ), mutiliated the  images of God ( bimbam ) and reached Thiruchirappalli.
There also the sthanikars were removed and temples destroyed.

Hearing this, King Valal Vilitturangam Parakrama Pandyan was alarmed.
He left for the fort of Kalaiyarkoil. -  Consequently the sthanikars also left because they lost the protection of the king but made certain provisions for the protection of the deity.

They made a kilikundu for the swami in the garbhagriham, raised earth mounds, and blocked the garbhagriham entrance with a stone wall. - Then they set up a Lingam in the ardha mandapam.

They did astabhandana for the Goddess (Mulapper nachchiyar) and set up the Goddess on the upper storey of the vimanam.
They did pupadanam (buried in the ground) for the ‘Utsava vigrahams and the Ilaya Nayinar and other vigrahams near Mucukundiswaramudaiyar shrine.

The Solia Kulasekaran who was doing the daily puja in the Karriyamanikka perumal temple was left in charge of the Madurai temple and the conduct of its worship.

The Sthanikars left Madurai, taking the gold vigraham of God and gold jwelleries and reached the kilukiluppai forest in Nanjilnadu.

The record further stated that the14 gopurams of the temple and streets around were destroyed by the Muslim invaders where as the garbha griham, the ardh mandapam and the maha mandapam escaped the fury of the Muslims.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
At this stage, Nana felt the presence of some one behind observing him silently.
He turned back to find the smiling face of meenu’s maternal uncle who was an exception among elders because he remained a bachelor to avoid family burden and to pursue with his passion in the art of drawing and painting.

Uncle said he was happy to see Nana take interest to know the history of Madurai.
He promised to tell him a lot during their journey that will take a month.

Though it was less than a hundred miles, they travel only by day time and that too using slow-moving bullock carts, moving on bumpy roads that curve through fields and forests.
Because they go with the family, there will be many halts on the way to eat and rest. Besides, they will stay for the night in chaththirams and will have plenty of time to talk.

Uncle what are you carrying with you? – What are those long packages?

Nana, don’t you know I am a painter and many of the portraits you see in the temple and inside the ‘Pudu Mandapam’ were drawn by me.
I am taking many of them for safe keeping till normalcy returns in Madurai..

Yes uncle. Meenu told me you have specialized in Tanjavur painting, the reason why Madurai Naikkars made you shift from Tanjavur ruled by Maratha kings.

That is right Nana. -  Meenu knows. She used to spend time with me and I have taught her how to draw. She has flair and a good hand for painting. I feel sorry she will miss a great opportunity to improve on her gifted talents now that she will get married too soon.

Any way now it is time for you to get back home for lunch.
Don’t make the ladies wait for you because they starve till you finish your lunch and go.   That is the first lesson for you as a family man. – OK. Come on. -  Let us go.

As they kept walking, Nana asked uncle to tell about the present crisis.

Nana, you had been reading about what happened 400 years back.
It is good to start from the early past to catch up with the present.
The situation is different now.
We are now facing more than two enemies.
The foreign traders are now allowed to have their own armies.
The white skinned traders wanted to be armed for self protection.
It was a mistake that our local kings gave permission for that.

French, Dutch, Portuguese and English have modern weapons.
Their rifles and tanks with destructive powers are too powerful for us.
We have only the old type of army with horses and elephants and use swords.

Our local rulers keep fighting with each other and it is not new.
But it is dangerous taking the help from the traders to settle score with one another.
What happens is that the European traders enter in to treaties with Rajas they help.
When they win a war, the foreigners get gifts of lands and villages to rule independently.
They are slowly establishing colonies and start collecting taxes for their revenue income.
 ………………………………………………………………………………….
 ………………………………………………………………………………….
  
mama…mama…intha sunthu anna ennai kambala athiththan…..um..um…um..

Nana’s muse was broken by the continuous cry of the three year old Kamu.

It made Narayana Iyer, jump back to the present. – Till then, he was relaxing in his easy chair, unaware of the pandemonium around and buried inside his 26 year-old memories.
He lifted the baby and started consoling her. After some time Kamu went of to sleep.

Time is a funny thing. –
Some times you are driven by time and many a time you are driving the time.
It runs faster when you work against time and want it to be slower.
Time stays still when you are idle and wishing time to move fast.
May be that time waves and thought waves are complementary to each, if not same.

For Nana, 26 years looked like 26 months since he got settled down at Chinnamanur.
Many things had happened and many changes took place during this period.

One important change is that Nana’s father is no more and that he had passed on the burden of his secret to Nana when he was in his death bed.

…..To continue…  ( after an indefinite gap !! )

CMRS - 4


CMRS - 4

       "சீனுவும் சுண்டுவும்." - ( சின்னமனூர் - 1786.)

டேய் கடங்காரா, பாதி சாப்பிடரப்போ ஓடி ஓடிப் போறயேடா....
எப்போ நான் உனக்கு ஊட்டி முடிச்சு மத்த வேலயை கவனிக்கிறது?
சீனு, நீ போய் உன் தம்பியை நாலு மொத்து மொத்தி இழுத்துண்டு வா..

ஏன் அத்தை, சீனு எங்கே இருக்கான்?....நீங்க கூப்பிட்ட குரலுக்கு ஓடிவர....
அவன்தான், அவனோட சினேகிதப் படையோட,
அப்பவே கிளம்பி வெளிய போயிட்டானே.
வேணும்னா, நீங்க உங்க பிள்ளயை கூப்பிட்டு,
ரெண்டு அதட்டல் போடச் சொல்லுங்கோ.
நான் எதைச் சொன்னாலும் அவர் இப்போ எல்லாம்
காதிலேயே வாங்கிக்கிறது இல்லை.
ஏதோ மோட்டு வளையைப் பார்த்து யோசிச்சு கொண்டு இருக்கிறார்.-
பதில் சொல்லரது இல்லை.

லக்ஷ்மி, நீ சொல்லரது ரொம்ப சரி.
நானும் கூட கவனிச்சேன். - நாணா முன்னை மாதிரி இல்லை.
முக்கியமா, அவன் அப்பா போனஅப்புறமாகத் தான் இப்படி இருக்கான்.
என்னை விடவா ? - நானே துக்கம் கொண்டாடரத விட்டுட்டேன்.
கொழந்தைகள்தான் முக்கியம் அப்பிடின்னு என்னை மாத்திக்கில்லயா...

ஆமா அத்தை. - எனக்கு என்னவோ வேற காரணம் இருக்குனு படரது.
மாமா படுத்த படுக்கையா இருந்தப்போ ஒரு நாள் ஞாபகம் இருக்கா?
நாம எல்லோரையும் வெளியே இருக்கச்சொல்லிட்டார்.
தன் பிள்ளயோட தனியா ரொம்ப நேரம் பேசிண்டு இருந்தார்.
அதுக்கு அப்புறமே இவர் மாறித்தான் போயிட்டார்.
நான் கேட்டாக் கூட மழுப்பலா பதில் சொல்லறார்.

சரி விடு. நாணாவுக்கு பொறுப்பு அதிகம் ஆயிடுரது பாரு. அதுதான்.
அவன் தன் கவலயை வெளிய சொல்லிக்க மாட்டான்.

"பாத்தீ நேக்கும் தோசை தா பாத்தி"  ---
மூன்று வயது குழந்தை காமுவின் குரல்.
அதை கேட்டதும் பாட்டிக்கு சுண்டுவின் நினைவு வந்து பார்த்தால்...
அவனைக் காணவில்லை. - ஓடிப்போய்விட்டான் கடங்காரன்..
 
கோபம் குழந்தைபேரில் திரும்பியது.
சனியனே.. உனக்கு என்னடி அவசரம்.....துக்கிரி....தோசி ஜாதகம்...
பிறக்கற போதே அம்மாவை முழுங்கிட்டு, தோசையாம் தோசை....

ஓன்றும் புரியாமல், காமு மலங்க மலங்க முழித்துக் கொண்டு இருந்தாள்

வேகமாக சமையலுள்ளிலிருந்து ஓடி வந்து, காமுவை தூக்கிக்கொண்டு,
காமுவின் பாட்டி, அதே வேகத்தில் உள்ளே போய்விட்டாள்.
பின் தொடர்ந்த நாணாவின் மனைவி லக்ஷ்மி,
பேசவேண்டாம் என்று சைகை செய்து, குழந்தையின் கையில்
தோசை விள்ளல் கொடுத்து, பின்புறம் போகச்சொன்னாள்.

நிற்க,
ஐந்து வயது வாண்டுப் பயல் சுண்டு பேரில தப்பே சொல்ல முடியாது.
அவன் சமர்த்தாக வாயைத் திறந்து திறந்து மூடிக்கொண்டிருந்தான்.
பாட்டி கொடுக்கிறது என்னன்னு கூட பார்க்காம சாப்பிட்டுக்கொண்டிருந்தான்.
அதே சமயம், அவனோட ஒரு கண் மட்டும்,
கூடத்துல அடுக்கி வைத்திருந்த சாக்கு மூட்டைகள் மேல் இருந்தது.

பாட்டிதான் அவனுடய திறந்த வாயைப் பார்க்காமல்,
அம்மா வாயைப் பார்த்து பேசிண்டு இருந்தாள்.

இப்போது, அவன் எதிர்பார்த்துக் காத்திருந்தது நடந்தது
ஒரு மூலையில் இருந்து ஒரு சுண்டெலி ஓடி வந்தது.
தூரத்தில் நின்று, ஒரு கணம் சுண்டுவை கேலியாகப் பார்த்தது.
பிறகு, அரிசி மூட்டைகளுக்குள் பதுங்கியது.

சுண்டுவுக்குக் கோபம் பொத்துக்கொண்டு வந்தது.
இந்த முறை விடுவதில்லை என்று ஆவேசம் வந்தது.
தோசையை மறந்தான். பாட்டியை மறந்தான்.
சுண்டு, எலி வேட்டைக்கு தயார் ஆனான்.

ரொம்ப நாளாவே ஒரு சுண்டெலி, சுண்டுவின் விரோதியாக விளங்கியது.
போன ஜன்ம பகையை இந்த ஜன்மத்தில் தீர்த்துக் கொள்ளத்தான், அந்த எலி,
சுண்டுவின் வீட்டுக்குள் குடி புகுந்துவிட்டது எனலாம்.

அதற்குக் காது மிகவும் கூர்மை.
காலடி சத்தத்திலிருந்து வருவது யார் என்பது எலிக்கு தெரியும்.

முக்கியமாக, சுண்டு தனியாக வருவது தெரிந்து, திடீரென்று குதித்து,
அவன் காலில் ஏறி தாண்டிக் குதித்து மறைந்துவிடும்.

சுண்டு பயந்து போய், உளறி அடித்துக் கொண்டு, இங்கும் அங்கும் பார்ப்பான்.
அரிசி மூட்டை இடுக்கில் ஒளிந்து கொண்டு சுண்டெலி சுண்டுவைப் பார்க்கும்.
இது சுண்டெலிக்கு பிடித்த பொழுது போக்கு.

ஓரு நாள், தன் வயிற்றெரிச்சலை கொட்டிக்கொள்வது
அந்த எலி என்பது தெரிந்தது.
தன்னை விட ஏழு வயது பெரியவனான சீனு அண்ணாவை,
தம்பி சுண்டு சரண் அடைந்தான். யோசனை கேட்டான்.

வாய் விட்டு சிரித்த சீனு,
தம்பிப் பயலுக்குத் தைரியம் கூறினான்.

நீ சிங்கமா இல்லை எலியா?
நான் சிங்கம்.

சிங்கம் என்ன செய்யும்? ஓடிவந்து பாயுமா?...
இல்லை ஓடிப்போயி ஒளியுமா?

சிங்கம் பாயும்..... எலிதான் ஓளிஞ்சுக்கும்.

சரி. - நீ ஒரு ஆம்பளை சிங்கம் - இல்லையா?
ஆமா.

அதுனால பயம்தான் உன்னைக்கண்டு பயப்படணும்...புரிஞ்சதா?
புரியல்லை.

அதாவது, தைரியமா இருந்தாத்தான், நீ சுண்டுப் பயல்.
நீ சுண்டெலிக்கு பயப்படறேன்னு வெளிய தெரிஞ்சா உன்னை எல்லோரும்
சுண்டைக்காப் பயலேன்னுதான் கூப்பிடுவா. -பரவா இல்லயா.?

நான் என்ன செய்யணும்?

பயத்தை கீழே போடு  - தைரியத்தை கையிலே எடு.
தைரியம் எங்கே இருக்கு?

அப்படிக் கேளு. - வா என் கூட. - காட்டுகிறேன்.

சீனு பின்கட்டுக்கு நடந்து போக, சுண்டு பின் தொடர்ந்தான்.
மூலையில் இருந்த, பாட்டியின் புடவை உலர்த்தற கம்பை,
கையில் எடுத்தான்.

பாரு இப்போ, என்று சொல்லிக் கொண்டே சீனு கம்பைச் சுழற்றினான்.
அரிசி மூட்டைகள் மீது மாறி மாறி, பளீர் பளீர் என்று சாத்தினான்.
பிறகு, மூட்டை இடுக்குக்குள் கம்பு நுனியை வைத்து குத்தினான்.

அத்தனை எலிகளும், நில நடுக்கம் வந்து விட்டது என்று பயந்து,
சுவரை ஒட்டிய மூட்டைகளுக்கு அடியில் ஓண்டிக்கொள்வதை,
சுண்டு கவனித்தான். அவனுக்கு தைரியம் பிறந்தது.

அதன் விளைவு, இன்று தனியாக எலி வேட்டையில் இறங்கிவிட்டான்.
அவனுக்கு புடவை கம்பை தூக்கவே சக்தி இல்லை. ஆதலால் மெதுவாக,
கம்பை தரையில் தேய்த்தபடி சென்று மூட்டை அடியில் குத்தினான்.
அது சரிவராமல், தரை மட்டத்துக்கு படுத்துக்கொண்டு கம்பை செலுத்தினான்.

குறும்புச்சிரிப்புடன் ஒரு சுண்டெலி குதிர் மேல் ஏறி குனிந்து பார்த்தது.
தரையில் படுத்துக் கொண்டு இருந்த சுண்டுவின் முதுகில் குதித்தது.

அலறி அடித்துக்கொண்டு உருண்ட சுண்டுவின் கையில் இருந்து நழுவி, தரையில்உருண்டு சென்ற புடவைக் கம்பு,
தோசை விள்ளலை ரசித்து சாப்பிடுக்கொண்டிருந்த
காமு பாப்பாவின் மேல் லேசாகப் பட்டுவிட்டது.

காரணம் இல்லாமலே அழப்பிடிக்கும் காமு,
இப்போது ஓ என்று வீறிட்டு அலறினாள்.
சுண்டு, பின்புறமாக ஓட்டம் பிடித்தான்.

" மாமா..மாமா..., இந்த சுந்து அன்னா என்னை கம்பால அதித்தான் ".....
என்று அழுது கொண்டே வந்த காமுவை, வெளிவாசல் முற்றத்தில்,
சாய்வு நாற்காலியில் அமர்ந்திருந்த நாணா ஐயர் தூக்கி எடுத்து,
அணைத்துக் கொண்டு சமாதானம் செய்தார்.

அவருக்கு மீனுவின் ஞாபகம் வந்தது. - கண்ணில் நீர் ததும்பியது.
இதே வயதில் இதே மாதிரி மீனுவும் அழுது கொண்டே வருவாள்.
அண்ணா ..என்றுதான் கூப்பிடுவாள். தன் மீது மிகவும் பிரியம்.
தனக்கு தங்கை தம்பி இல்லததால் நாணுவுக்கும் மீனு மீது பிரியம் உண்டு.

தன்னுடய தாயார் மீனுவை காரணமமே இல்லாமல் கடிந்து கொள்வதால்,
அந்தக் குழந்தை மீது அனுதாபம் அதிகம்.
அதைவிட மீனாவின் தாயார் மீது அனுதாபம் அதிகம்.
இளம் விதவையான அவள் நாணாவின் அப்பாவிற்கு தூரத்து உறவு.
இப்போது கையில் குழந்தையுடன் அடைக்கலம் தேடி அங்கு வந்துவிட்டாள்.

தன் கல்யாணத்தின் போதுதான் மீனுவுக்கும் கல்யாணம்.
அவளுக்கு அப்போது வயது ஒன்பது.
மீனாவின் புகுந்த வீடு வைகை ஆற்றின் அக்கரையில் இருந்த
தென்கரை-சோழவந்தான் என்ற கிராமம்.

மணம் ஆகி பதினைந்து வருஷம் கழித்து தலை பிரசவத்தில் மீனு போய்விட,
மீனுவின் கணவன் மறு கல்யாணம் செய்துகொண்டுவிட்டான்.

அச்சாக அவளே போல் இருக்கும் மீனுவின் குழந்தை காமு,
இப்போது இவர்கள் வீட்டுக் குழந்தை.

நாணாவிற்கு விருப்பமான கடமை, காமுவை வளர்த்து
நல்ல ஒரு பையனுக்கு,
கல்யாணம் செய்து கொடுக்க வேண்டும் என்பது.
ஆனால் அவசரப்படக் கூடாது.
காமுவுக்கு எழுதப் படிக்க சொல்லித்தர வேண்டும்.

பதினெட்டு வயதில் கல்யானனம் செய்தால் போறும்.
தன் மனைவி லக்ஷ்மிக்கும் தில் இதில் முழு சம்மதம்.
தன் தாயாருக்கு அது தெரியவேண்டியது இல்லை.

தூங்கிப்போய்விட்ட காமுவை, மீனாவின் அம்மா வந்து எடுத்துக் கொண்டாள்.
நாணா மறுபடி பழைய நினைவுகளில் மூழ்கினார்.
மதுரை நகரை விட்டுப் பிரிந்த நாள் முதல் நடந்த சம்பவங்கள்...26 வருட நினைவுகள், அவரது மனத் திரையில் ஓட ஆரம்பித்தன.

....தொடரும்.....(ஆனால், அவசியம் இருந்தாலன்றி, தமிழில் அல்ல.)

CMRS - 3


Prelude to “cmr story. (continued)                             Sunday - 27th Nov.2011.

      CMRS - 3           “A secret burial to some of the secrets.

At first, it was a pleasant surprise for the few villagers who noticed the arrival of many new comers since it was a rare occurrence and they rushed to inform others.
Soon, there was a crowd of curious onlookers watching the survey of the vacant lands.

A few high ranking officers, discussing among themselves were giving instructions.
All were at work under supervision and guidance, some taking measurements; some marking lines and a few others digging holes at specified points to enable fencing.

The curiosity of people gave way to fear when another batch arrived that included some hefty figures of horse riders in uniform, wearing caps and armed with swords.

The crowd quickly started dispersing. – They retreated to ‘Ammanai patti’, their dwelling place a few miles away, where they gathered under the shade of Banyan and Neem trees.

To preside over the meeting and give advice, they needed their village head.  
He was eighty five; reason enough to be made their chief.  
Too weak to come on his own, he had to be brought, carried with his coir cot.

The ammanaipattians, as they were called, had their own reasons to fear strangers.

So far, they had been occupying and cultivating lands with out paying any land tax.
They had never seen any revenue officer ever making visits in that area.
It is now time to quickly decide on how to manage the situation.
It took double the time to brief their half-deaf chief, by which time they saw at a distance, a dignified looking person getting down from a horse-driven carriage.

He was wearing a long and loose white shirt, panjakachcham, and angavastharam.
He was short, fair and plumb and with a shiny red thilak on his broad forehead.   

A horseman drove by announcing the arrival of ‘Rayasam’.
The ammapattiyans blinked.  – It was natural.
No way could they know that ‘Rayasam’ was a designation for any departmental head in the government under the Dalavai of the Nayakkar regime.

But, who was that? - We have seen him before.
Yes. We recognize him as none other than our Nana’s father.

It was a great relief to villagers to see him approach with a friendly smile and greeting them all with folded hands. - They returned the greetings by falling to their knees and received the VIP guest. - The silent chief welcomed the guest with betel leafs.

Few quickly climbed up the coconuts trees to fetch enough for watering the guests.

A ten minutes lecture by the VIP visitor explaining their presence and purpose and on the type of help he expected from them, was enough to make the villagers jump with joy, once they understood that there was going to be lot work for a month or more and that the local men, willing to work with them, will get handsome payments.

The project involved building housing colonies for a variety of families to settle there.
There was going to be cultivation in most of the available lands and it meant jobs for all.

Among the people to come new were Masons; Carpenters; Black smith; Goldsmith and temple musicians, apart from traders. - Later to join were many Brahmin families of Sanskrit scholars, Vedic pundits, Priests, Astrologers, Tamil teachers and Poets.

While renovation work will start on any old and damaged temples in the near vicinity, they will also do the repair work or provide new houses for the current inhabitants.

Finally he said that ‘Chinnamanur’ will no more a namesake ‘ur’ or ‘oor’ but a real one.

Ammanaipattiyans again blinked but the visiting group knew what it meant.
We should also know what it signifies.

The administrative set up under the Nayakar rulers of Madurai country was like this: -
The kingdom was divided in to ‘Palayams’ ruled over by palayakkarar, who had to pay a fixed financial contribution called tributes and also supply a definite military quota by maintaining a certain number of troops at the capital to guard each of the 72 bastons of the Madurai fort.
  
For the convenience of administration and to provide local autonomy with village as the unit for local administration, the provinces (palayams) were further divided in to units going by various names such as ‘Valanadu’, ‘Nadu’, ‘Seemai’ and ‘Gramam’.(village)
  
Size and population of the villages were differentiated with its ending letters of the village names like, ‘Samudram’; ‘Mangalam’;’kudi’; ‘ur’ or ‘oor’ and ‘Kuricci’.

Land tax was the chief revenue though there were minor taxations too.
For easy and speedy collection of revenue, the local men were used and they were designated as ‘ Ambalakkaran’ or ‘Maniyakkaran’. –

With regard to community group-living in small places, the same was denoted by adding the letter ‘Patti’ to the name of their tiny villages and it was an unwritten understanding in the administrative circles not to collect tax from the ‘Pattians’ who were poor people.

If the villagers jumped with joy, there was every reason to be so.

It was a far cry from the rural poor that they are provided with at least a fraction of what the residents in temple towns enjoy. They could not afford to spend for pilgrimages but had heard from travelers about the festive atmosphere and variety of things sold in town bazaars and about all the activities in and around the temples of cities like Madurai.

So, the whole thing now was like a dream come true for the innocent villagers.
With apprehensions gone and doubts disappearing, the good news started spreading from one ‘Patti’ to another quickly.  - It was time for celebrations.

Ammanaipattians playing host, insisted upon a welcome feast to which the visitors agreed and then left to attend to their work of survey and planning of future activities.


During this break, let us relax and ponder over conditions in India - 300 years back.  

It is important to get a feel on the type of Indian society, their life style and on the type of governance that prevailed before the British entered and changed things gradually.

The first important change introduced by the British after 1800 AD was on the concept of private rights and ownership of lands in India, in particular, one on land laws concerning disputes.

For this, let us see what Michael Edward says in his book on British India.

“Generally speaking, what could be derived from such Hindu law treatises as the old ‘Code of Manu’(composed some time between 300 B.C and A.D.150) and later works suggested that the ruler was entitled to a share in the produce of the land and that this right was based upon his position as ‘Protector of the soil’.

Other sources did state that the king was the ‘lord of land and water’.

As with all Hindu law, there was confusion and lack of precision, but in practice it seems to have been generally accepted that the ultimate ownership of the land lay with the ruler.

Those who possessed any land did so until they were dispossessed - by force.

There was nothing in Hindu law to indicate that the possessor-cultivator of the land could sell or otherwise mortgage his holding for cash or any other form of payment.

Ownership in modern sense was totally unknown to Hindu law.

But, the cultivator’s right to occupy the land he cultivated was as traditional as the ruler’s right to a proportion of the produce.”

Thus, the individuals who were the occupiers of land pay taxes to the king.

The king, who ever he may be, was the owner and protector of lands and people.

So, there was no such thing as private rights to buy; own; rent or sell the lands.

For the expenditure of the government, the King is entitled to the King’s share.

It can be given in kind or cash by the occupier of land who profits by cultivating it.

The traditional proportion as per Hindu law was one sixth of the produce.

The Mughal king Akbar changed it as one third of the produce.

His is successors raised the figure to one-half of the produce resulting in reduced returns on investment for the farming class and reduced net profit, being their take-home income.

King Aurangzeb applied a Muslim law by name ‘hanafi’ in their conquered territories in India, according to which, a non-Muslim will pay a tax (kharaj) that was twice the amount payable by a Muslim occupant of a land.

What ever be the variable taxation, the only unchanged concept was that the owner of land is no one but ‘God’ in the form of ‘king’ – the invader and ruler.

The ownership of lands, used or unused lay with the king and will change hands to one who replaces the king by force.

Still, the occupier of land remains undisturbed as long as he pays tax as specified the king who rules and protects his citizens.

This was India from the beginning until the British started applying English laws in their annexed portions in Indian territories during 19th century.
                …………………

The feast was over and the respected Rayasam, surrounded by villagers, was taking leave.
He told that he will be back after a month and thanked them for their cooperation.
He did come as told but this time he kept a dignified distance from others and busy with supervisory work and planning with officials in charge of the project.

Before he left, he met the villagers and formally enquired about their welfare.
Then he informed them that among the new settlements his own family will be one.

He requested them to take special care and help his teen-age son to settle down and learn the art of cultivation since he would be away and can visit his family only occasionally.
The ammanaipattians felt proud and happy at this request and assured Nana’s father that they would carry out his wish – the promise which they kept for generations together.

All this happened long before Nana’s father made the announcement to his family.
Months passed and the project work went full swing at chinnamanoor.

During the next trip, a month before the shifting of families from Madurai took place,
The Dalavai himself made a visit with selected officers and security guards.
Nana’s father was the one accompanying Dalavai and answering his question.

None of the villagers could come near the fenced area this time.
There were number of load carrying bullock carts that came and kept inside the guarded area and parked since morning


By sunset most of the workers have cleared the field and the place became silent.

When it was fully dark, some bullock carts started moving in to the fields.
In the cover of darkness, there began some activities, helped by light, dim on purpose.

Early morning, the visiting parties prepared themselves for their return journey.

A keen observer with probing eyes, if at all there was one, can not fail to notice that all the bulls had become bright and cheerful what was sad looking last evening

Was it because they had enough rest and well fed or because of load shedding?

If so, where are the big and heavy boxes now?  - What ever it was and where ever they were at present, one will never know except two sources.
Out of that two, one can not talk and another will not talk. And both have left now.

We will also take leave and meet next week, after 26 years.
The venue will be same but a changed one; the new look Chinnamanur of A.D.1786.